GV 


TIC  BOOKS, 

:NCE.R  I 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

"Deceived 
Accession  No.    / ()"/  3~  ^  .   Cla-ss  No. 


SCHOOL  TACTICS 


FOR    THE    USE    OF 


Schools  and  Gymnastic  Associations. 


BY 


WM.    A.    STECHER. 


ILLUSTRATED. 


CINCINNATI,     O. 

1887. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1887,  by 

WM.     A.     STECHER, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 


PREFACE. 


Conducting  English  classes  in  gymnastics  during  a  number  of  years  at 
schools  and  seminaries  in  this  city,  and  seeing  that  all  the  books  and 
manuals  of  gymnastics  that  were  at  my  disposal  did  not  offer  those  move- 
ments, nor  give  the  commands  necessary  for  school  tactics,  I  was  prompted 
to  translate,  arrange,  and  write^  out  such  tactical  exercises  as  are  used  in 

*  ,,<    V.      VI      . 

the  "Seminary  of  the  Gymnastic  Associations  of  North  America,"  and  of 
such  as  offered  themselves  to  me  during  class  work  in  the  gymnasium. 

The  following  movements  with  their  commands  have  been  used  and 
tested  by  me  in  girls'  and  boys'  classes  as  well  as  in  classes  for  grown 
persons. 

In  this  book,  the  different  movements  of  one  person  (scholar)  are  first 
described,  and  then  those  of  a  number  of  persons  in  all  connected  forms. 
The  descriptions  of  the  various  movements  are  held  in  a  general  manner, 
so  as  to  cover  all  the  forms  under  each  respective  head,  while,  in  the 
examples  given,  each  form  is  more  closely  described  and  illustrated. 

In  the  appendix  are  several  "Marches"  and  "Reigen"  (partly  adapted) 
that  can  be  used  in  the  given  form  on  all  occassions  where  it  is  desirable 
to  have  a  number  of  persons  come  into  a  position  by  a  variety  of  move- 
ments. When,  at  an  exhibition,  etc.,  a  class  is  to  show  the  results  of  its 
work  in  tactics,  the  movements  it  has  learned  can  be  grouped  together 
according  to  the  manner  of  one  of  these  "Marches"  or  "Reigen." 

Accompaning  these  movements  with  music  or  singing  greatly  adds  to 
their  attractiveness,  and  is  recommended  to  all  schools  and  societies  that 
have  music  or  singers  at  their  command. 

WM.    A.    STECHER. 
Cincinnati,  O.,   1887. 


SCHOOL  TACTICS, 


lactics  are  movements  performed  by  a  person,  or  by  a  number 
of  persons,  according  to  a  certain  law. 

They  embrace  the  turning  and  change  of  position  of  a  single 
person,  as  well  as  the  forming  and  change  of  position  of  a  body 
of  persons.  They  can  be  performed  either  "in  place"  (while  stand- 
ing), or  "from  place"  (while  marching,  running,  etc.). 

The  single,  person  is  the  base  of  all  tactical  movements.  We 
distinguish  in  him  the  length  (height),  breadth  (diameter  from 
shoulder  to  shoulder),  depth  (diameter  from  sternum  to  spine),  and 
the  oblique  (a  line  drawn  from  the  right  front  to  the  left  rear,  or  the 
reverse).  Also  the  front  (face),  rear  (back),  right  and  left  flank 
(side). 

A  person  facing  a  given  point  is  in  the  front  position  to  the 
same ;  then,  according  to  that  part  of  a  circle  which  he  describes 
while  turning  about  his  longitudinal  axis,  we  distinguish,  after  a 
half  turn  (half  circle),  the  reverse  position;  after  a  quarter  turn 
(quarter  circle),  the  flank  position  ;  after  an  eighth  turn  (eighth 
circle),  the  oblique  position. 

COMMANDS. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  commands,  the  preparatory  and  the 
command  of  execution.  The  preparatory  command  explains  or 
indicates  the  movement  to  be  executed,  while  the  command  of 
execution  causes  the  execution  of  this  movement.  The  prepara- 
tory command  is  given  slowly  and  distinctly,  while  the  command 
of  execution  is  given  in  a  firm,  sharp  tone. 


FACING. 

The  commands  for  the  turns  leading  to  the  above  named 
positions  are:  For  a  half  turn,  "RIGHT"  or  "LEFT  ABOUT- 
FACE  !" ;  for  a  quarter  turn,  "RIGHT"  or  "LEFT  — FACE !"; 
for  an  eighth  turn,  "HALF  RIGHT"  or  "-LEFT  —  FACE !" 
All  facings  are  executed  on  the  left  heel. 

MARCHING. 

The  direction  taken  by  a  person  while  marching  is  either  for- 
ward, backward,  sideward,  or  oblique.  We  further  have  a  marching 
"in  place"  (marking  time). 

A  "line  of  march"  is  that  straight,  curved,  or  angular  line 
along  which  a  person  moves  when  marching  forward,  backward, 
sideward,  or  obliquely.  The  direction  of  marching  can  be  changed 
by  an  eighth,  a  quarter,  three-eighth,  or  half  turn. 

Marches  (excepting  "sideward  to  the  right")  are  begun  with 
the  left  foot.  Other  exceptions  will  be  noted  further  on. 

In  school  tactics,  two  kinds  of  step  are  generally  used,  namely, 
the  "common  step"  and  the  "quick  step"  Of  the  former,  95,  and  ot 
the  latter,  120  steps  are  taken  in  a  minute.  (In  running,  145 
steps  are  taken  in  a  minute.)  The  command  for  marching  is: 
For  boys,  "FORWARD  — MARCH !";  for  girls,  "FOR- 
WARD—WALK!" The  command  for  running  is:  "FOR- 
WARD—RUN!" 

NOTE. — The  following  abbreviations  will  be  used  : 

fw.   for  forward,  1.     for  left, 

bw.    "   backward,  obi.  "   oblique, 

sw.     "   sideward,  o.      "   or, 

r.        "   right,  &      "   and. 

According  to  the  relative  positions  of  persons  in  order,  all 
tactical  exercises  are  divided  into  three  groups,  namely :  I.  The 
Rank,  II.  The  Body  (of  ranks),  and  III.  The  Colonnade  (a  series  of 
lines  or  columns). 


I.    THE  RANK. 


Two  or  more  scholars  standing  in  a  manner  common  to  all, 
form  a  rank.  According  to  the  position  they  hold  to  each  other, 
we  speak  of  a  front,  flank,  or  oblique  rank,  or  a  front  or  flank 
circle. 

FORMATION  OF  RANKS. 

Front  rank.  At  the  command  "FALL  IN  !"  or  "FORM 
IN  RANK  !",  all  scholars  will  form  in  order  at  a  given  place  in 
the  gymnasium,  the  tallest  standing  at  the  right  end,  the  others 
standing  left  of  him,  ranked  according  to  height,  and  facing  to  the 
front.  The  elbows  of  the  scholars  should  touch  slightly.  The 
scholar  standing  at  the  right  end  (flank)  is  called  the  right  leader, 
the  one  at  the  left  the  left  leader. 

Flank  rank.  The  teacher  commanding  the  scholars  to  form 
a  flank  rank,  they  will  form,  one  behind  the  other,  in  such  a  man- 
ner that  the  tallest  is  at  the  head,  the  smallest  at  the  foot  of  the 
rank.  The  scholars  should  not  stand  so  as  to  be  crowded,  but 
must  have  room  enough  to  turn.  The  tallest  will  be  the  front, 
the  smallest  the  rear  leader. 

A  half  turn  (r.  o.  1.  about)  will  reverse  this  order  of  leaders  in 
front  or  flank. 

Oblique  rank.  The  scholars  formed  either  in  front  or  flank 
will,  after  an  eighth  turn  (half  r.  o.  1.),  stand  in  oblique. 

Circle.  Upon  command,  all  scholars  will  form  in  a  circle, 
standing  according  to  height.  According  to  the  position  of  the 
scholars,  they  either  looking  toward  the  centre  of  the  circle  or 
away  from  it,  we  speak  of  a  front  circle  facing  inward  or  outward. 
A  quarter  turn  r.  o.  1.,  when  in  a  front  circle,  gives  us  a  flank  circle 
1.  o.  r.,  according  to  which  side  is  turned  inward. 


ALIGNMENT. 

Front  rank.  The  scholars  being  ranked,  the  teacher  will  see 
that,  upon  the  command  "IN  POSITION —  STAND!",  they 
all  stand  side  by  side  and  in  a  perfectly  straight  rank. 

NOTE. — "Position"  of  scholars  in  order  :  From  the  "resting position,"  (that 
is,  one  foot  forward,  and  arms  crossed  on  breast  or  back, )  in  which  the  scholars 
stand  when  first  formed  in  a  rank,  the  scholars  form  in  "position"  by  drawing 
the  foot  placed  forward  to  the  stationary  one,  at  the  same  time  dropping  the 
arms  to  the  sides  of  the  body.  Shoulders  are  thrown  back,  chest  forward, 
head  erect,  eyes  looking  fw.,  and  the  weight  of  the  body  on  the  balls  of  the  feet. 

The  bringing  scholars  into  a  straight  rank  and  proper  distance 
is  called  "dressing,"  and  can  be  done  by  the  r.  o.  1.  flank,  the  centre, 
or  any  scholar  in  rank.  Command:  "R.  (L.) — DRESS!"  At 
this  command,  all  scholars  except  the  right  leader  turn  their 
heads  to  the  right,  and  with  short  but  quick  steps  fw.,  sw.,  or  bw., 
move  into  their  correct  positions.  Satisfying  himself  that  the  rank 
is  "dressed,"  the  teacher  commands  "FRONT!",  at  which  the 
scholars  again  turn  their  heads  to  the  front. 

NOTE. — While  "dressing,"  the  teacher  must  pay  .particular  attention  that 
the  scholars  stand  erect,  do  not  bend  head  or  body  fw.,  or,  as  many  are  apt 
to  do,  move  the  1.  o.  r.  shoulder  fw.  while  turning  the  head. 

Another  command  for  "dressing"  is  often  used  when  the  rank 
is  but  slightly  out  of  order,  or  when  marching  fw.  in  a  front  rank. 
It  is:  "EYES  RIGHT  (L.)  — TURN!",  and,  to  again  look  fw., 
"EYES  FORWARD  — TURN!" 

Flank  rank.  The  scholars  being  formed  one  behind  the  other, 
the  rank  is  "dressed"  by  looking  straight  fw.  and  moving  with  small 
and  quick  steps  into  position  exactly  behind  the  first,  so  that  each 
can  see  the  back  of  only  the  scholar  in  front  of  him.  The  rank 
is  dressed  when  all  stand  in  a  straight  rank,  and  the  distance  be- 
tween the  scholars  is  only  enough  to  allow  them  to  execute  a 
quarter  turn  and  stand  "dressed"  as  a  front  rank.  Command : 
"COVER— FILES!" 

The  "dressing"  of  an  oblique  rank  will  easily  be  understood 
by  the  foregoing. 

A  circle  is  "dressed"  when  its  members  stand,  as  its  name 
indicates,  in  a  true  circle,  either  in  front  or  flank. 

COUNTING  OFF. 

Front  rank.  A  front  rank  "counts  off"  ("tells  off")  from 
the  r.  to  the  1.  leader,  or  the  reverse.  At  the  command 
"•COUNT!",  beginning  with  the  r.  leader,  one  after  the  other  the 


scholars  turn  their  heads  to  the  left  and  speak  the  number  coming 
to  them  in  a  plain  and  easily  understood  manner.  After  doing  so, 
they  immediately  turn  their  heads  to  the  front  again.  "Counting 
off"  can  be  connected  with  taking  a  step  fw.  or  bw.  while  speak- 
ing the  number.  Command:  "COUNT  OFF  FROM  RIGHT 
TO  LEFT  — COUNT!" 

Flank  rank.  A  flank  rank  "counts  off"  from  first  to  last,  the 
scholars  going  through  the  same  movements  as  in  "counting  off" 
in  front.  The  counting  here  can  be  connected  with  side-steps  to 
the  r.  o.  1. 

The  oblique  rank  and  circle  "count  off"  as  in  front  or  flank. 

TRANSFORMATION  OF  RANKS. 

A  front  rank  is  transformed  : 

a)  By  facing  (turning) : 

1.  To  a  flank  rank,  by  a  quarter  turn  r.  o.  1. ; 

2.  To  an  oblique  rank,  by  an  eighth  turn  r.  o.  1.; 

b)  By  marching : 

3.  To  a  circle,  by  the  r.  &  1.  leaders  going  fw.  in  a  curved 
line,  the  others  following,  until  they  meet  opposite  the 
centre  of  the  rank,  or  by  the  r.  o.  1.  leader  going  fw.  in 
a  curved  line  until  he  meets  the  opposite  leader,  who 
remains  in  place  ; 

4.  To  a  half  circle,  by  the  leaders  (or  one  leader)  going 
fw.  as  above,  but  not  closing,  or  the  leaders  remaining 
in  place  and  the  centre  going  bw.,  the  others  following, 
until  a  half  circle  is  formed. 

A  flank  rank  is  transformed  : 

a)  By  facing : 

1.  To  a  front  rank,  by  a  quarter  turn  r.  o.  1. ; 

2.  To  an  oblique  rank,  by  an  eighth  turn  r.  o.  1. ; 

b)  By  marching : 

3.  To  a  circle,  by  the  first  and  last  leader  marching  sw.  in  a 
curved  line,  the  others  following,  until  they  meet ;   or  by 
one  leader  marching  sw.  in  a  curved  line  until  he  meets 
the  other; 

4.  To  a  half  circle,  as  explained  above  in  a  front  rank,  but 
marching  sw.  in  this  case. 

The  transformation  of  an  oblique  rank  or  a  circle  in  front  or 
flank  will  be  easily  understood  by  the  foregoing  explanations. 

The  transformations  by  marching  are  done  better  and  easier  in 
connected  than  in  unconnected  ranks. 


10 

CONNECTIONS. 

Connecting  the  scholars  in  rank  greatly  facilitates  the  dressing 
and  keeping  of  distance  while  marching. 

The  connections  of  a  front  rank  are :  Hand  in  hand  with 
neighbors ;  arm  in  arm  with  neighbors ;  hands  on  neighbors'  shoul- 
ders ;  arms  over  neighbors'  shoulders ;  arms  around  neighbors' 
waists;  one  arm  over  shoulder,  the  other  around  waist;  cross 
arms  and  grasp  hands  (done  by  raising  the  arms  sw.  slightly,  cross- 
ing arms  with  neighbors  and  grasping  the  hand  of  the  second 
scholar  each  way,  the  r.  arm  over  the  1.  of  neighbor,  or  the 
reverse) ;  cross  arms  and  grasp  hands  bw.  (behind  the  body). 

The  connections  of  a  flank  rank  are :  Hands  on  front  scholar's 
shoulders ;  on  hips ;  one  hand  on  shoulder,  the  other  on  hip ;  the 
above  3  with  crossed  arms;  grasp  hands,  right  fw.,  left  bw.,  or  the 
reverse.  A  flank  rank  can  also  be  connected  by  grasping  the 
raised  foot  of  the  front  scholar  with  one  or  two  hands. 

The  connections  of  an  oblique  rank  or  a  circle  will  be  easily 
found  by  the  above  explanations. 

DISTANCE. 

According  to  the  distance  the  scholars  (or  files)  are  from  one 
another,  we  speak  of  a  rank  as  in  "close"  or  "open  order." 

A  front  rank  (or  circle)  stands  in  close  order  when  its  members' 
elbows  touch,  and  a  flank  rank  (or  circle)  when  the  distance  be- 
tween its  members  is  equal  to  the  space  they  need  to  execute  a 
quarter  turn  and  then  stand  in  "front"  as  a  closed  rankv 

A  rank  is  open  when  the  distance  between  the  files  exceeds 
that  described  above.  This  distance  can  be  changed,  at  the  option 
of  the  teacher,  by  opening  and  closing  the  rank. 

A  front  rank  can  be  opened  : 

1.  Fw.  (or  bw.)  one  step  (or  more),  by  each  scholar  taking 
one  more  step  fw.  (or  bw.)  than  the  scholar  preceding. 

After  counting  off,  so  that  each  will  know  which  in  rank  he 
is,  the  command  is  given  :  "OPEN  RANK  FW.  —  ONE  STEP 
DISTANCE — MARCH!"  At  this  command,  commencing 
with  number  2  (i  remaining  in  place),  all  step  fw.  and  march  fw. 
one  step  less  than  indicated  by  their  number;  that  is,  number  2 
will  take  one  step,  3  two  steps  fw.,  etc.  This  will  give  a  distance 
of  one  step  between  each  scholar.  The  rank  is  closed  (after 
a  "Left  about !")  upon  the  command:  "CLOSE  RANK  FW.  (or 
BW.)  — MARCH!" 

2.  Sideward  half  distance  from  the  r.  (o.  1.)  leader,  by  laying 
r.  (o.  1.)  hand  on  neighbor's  shoulder  and  going  sw.  1.  (o.  r.)  until 


11 

the  arm  is  extended.  Command:  "RIGHT  HAND  OK 
NEIGHBOR'S  SHOULDER  —  PLACE  !  —  DISTANCE  — 
SW.  L.  —  MARCH  !"  and,  to  close,  "CLOSE  RANK  TO  THE 
R.  (or  L.)  SIDEWARD  — MARCH!" 

3.  From  the  centre  (or  any  given  point)  full  distance,  by 
grasping  hands  and  going  sw.  from  the  centre  until  both  arms  are 
extended.  Command:  "GRASP  HANDS— FULL  DIS- 
TANCE SW.  R.  &  L.  — MARCH!",  and,  to  close,  "CLOSE 
RANK  TO  THE  CENTRE  —  SW.  —  MARCH  !" 

A  front  rank  can  also  be  opened  to  the  r.  o.  1.  by  going  fw.  in 
the  commanded  direction  the  required  number  of  steps  and  then 
again  facing  front,  and  closed  in  a  corresponding  manner.  Com- 
mand: "OPEN  RANK  TO  THE  L.— TWO  STEPS  DIS- 
TANCE— FW.  —  MARCH  !",  and,  to  close,  "CLOSE  RANK 
TO  THE  R.  —  FW.  — MARCH!" 

A  flank  rank  can  be  opened  : 

1.  Bw.  (or  fw.)  by  laying  hands  on  front  scholar's  shoulders 
and  going  bw.  (or  fw.)  until  the  arms  are  extended.     Command  : 
"HANDS     ON     FRONT     SCHOLAR'S     SHOULDERS  — 
PLACE  !  —  DISTANCE  —  BW.  —  MARCH  !",  and,  to  close, 
"CLOSE  RANK  — FW.  — MARCH!" 

2.  Bw.  (or  fw.)  two  steps,  by  each  scholar  taking  two  steps- 
more   bw.   (or  fw.)  than    the  one  in  front  (or  in  rear)  of    him. 
Proceed  as  in  front  rank.     Command:  "OPEN  RANK  BW.— 
TWO  STEPS  DISTANCE  —  MARCH  !"     Close  as  above  in  i. 

A  rank  in  flank  can  also  be  opened  to  the  rear  by  going  fw. ; 
all,  with  the  exception  of  the  first,  facing  1.  about  at  the  com- 
mand "March  !".  Command  :  "OPEN  RANK  TO  THE  REAR 
—  FW.  —  MARCH !"  It  can  also  be  closed  bw.  at  the  command  : 
"CLOSE  RANK  TO  THE  REAR  — FW.  —  MARCH  !" 

In  the  last  two  exercises,  when  the  first  turn  is  to  the  left,  the 
second  is  to  the  right. 

A  circle  can  be  opened,  if  in  front : 

1.  If  facing  inward,  by  going  bw.,  and  contrary  if  facing  out- 
ward.    Command:    "OPEN  CIRCLE  BW.  (or  FW.)  THREE 
STEPS  — MARCH!"  and,  to  close,  "CLOSE    CIRCLE   FW. 
(or   BW.)  — MARCH!" 

If  in  flank: 

2.  By  going  sw.  r.  if  in  a  circle  left,  and  contrary  if  in  a  circle 
right.    Command  as  above,  substituting  sw.  in  place  of  fw.  or  bw. 

MARCHING  IN  RANK. 

A  rank  can  march  "in  place"  as  well  as  "from  place,"  andy 
during  the  latter,  in  the  same  directions  as  a  single  person, 
namely  :  fw.,  bw.,  sw.  and  obi. 


Marching  in  rank,  the  teacher  will  see  that  it  is  well  "dressed." 
Frequent  glances  along  the  rank  if  in  front,  or  fw.  if  in  flank, 
or  connecting  the  scholars  during  the  march,  will  greatly  help 
the  alignment. 

A  rank  marching  "in  place"  is  halted  by  the  command : 
"ATTENTION  —  HALT !",  the  command  "Halt!"  being 
given  as  the  left  foot  touches  the  floor.  The  right  then  closes  to 
the  left. 

A  rank  marching  "from  place"  is  halted  by  the  same  com- 
mand, but,  in  this  case,  the  command  of  execution,  "Halt,"  is 
given  as  the  right  foot  touches  the  floor.  The  left  then  takes  one 
more  step  fw.  and  the  right  closes  to  it. 

The  reason  for  this  difference  in  commanding  is:  While 
marching  fw.,  the  body  always  inclines  in  that  direction  and  can- 
not be  brought  to  a  standstill  as  suddenly  as  is  the  case  while 
marching  "in  place." 

In  running,  the  command  is  given  as  in  marching  fw. 

TRANSFORMATION  OF  RANKS  WHILE  MARCHING. 

A  rank  marching  "in"  and  "from  place"  can  change  its  char- 
acter as  a  front,  flank,  oblique  rank  or  circle  by  facing. 

The  commands  for  such  changes  are  the  same  as  while  stand- 
ing, namely:  For  an  eighth  turn,  "HALF  R.  (or  L.),"  for  a 
quarter  turn,  "R.  (or  L.),"  for  a  half  turn,  "R.  (or  L.)  ABOUT 
—  FACE!" 

While  marching,  the  command  "Face!"  is  always  given  as 
the  foot  on  the  side  you  wish  to  turn  to  reaches  the  floor,  namely: 
On  the  left  foot  when  wishing  to  turn  left,  and  on  the  right  foot 
when  wishing  to  turn  right. 

CHANGE  OF  DIRECTION  WHILE  MARCHING. 

Marching  in  a  front  or  flank  rank,  the  line  of  march  is  changed 
by  a  gradual  turning  of  the  rank  into  the  new  direction.  We  dis- 
tinguish ^j,  *^,  ^4,  and  y2  turns  r.  o.  1.  After  an  eighth  turn,  the 
direction  of  the  line  of  march  is  at  an  obtuse  angle  to  the  original 
line.  This  is  done  in  a  flank  or  front  rank  as  follows :  The  first 
scholar  upon  the  command  executes  an  eighth  turn  r.  (o.  1.)  and 
marches  onward  in  the  new  direction,  all  others  doing  the  same 
upon  coming  to  the  place  where  the  first  turned. 

By  a  quarter  turn,  the  rank  will  move  at  a  right  angle  to  its 
first  direction  ;  by  a  3/fa  turn  at  an  acute  angle,  and  by  a  half  turn 
in  a  direction  the  reverse  of  the  first.  In  a  half  turn  (counter- 
march), the  first  evades  the  ones  following  by  passing  either  by 
their  r.  o.  1.  side  (if  in  flank),  or  by  their  front  or  rear  (if  in  front). 
A  turning  in  either  manner  takes  as  many  steps  as  there  are  rank 
members. 


18 

The  command  for  an  eighth  turn  is:  "RANK  OBLIQUELY 
FW.  —  R.  (or  L.)— MARCH!" 

The  command  for  a  quarter  turn  is  :  "RANK  TO  THE  R. 
(or  L.)  — MARCH!" 

The  command  for  three-eighths  turn  is:  "RANK  OBLIQUE- 
LY BW.— R.  (or  L.)— MARCH!" 

The  command  for  a  half  turn  is:  "RANK  COUNTER- 
MARCH —  R.  (or  L.)  — MARCH!" 

Besides  the  above,  a  flank  rank  can  continually  countermarch 
r.  &  1.  (Fig.  29),  march  in  a  "circle"  (Fig.  32),  in  a  "snail," 
"spiral,"  (the  first  continually  drawing  the  circle  smaller,  and,  upon 
coming  to  the  centre,  executing  a  countermarch  and  marching  out 
between  the  curved  ranks.)  (Fig.  34.) 

It  can  also  march  in  an  "eight"  (~V^\r  or  a  "loop" 
~~P*")  ~->  •  (This  is  done  by  the  first  describing  a  small  circle  and 

then  breaking  through  the  rank,  the  others  following  him,  one 
crossing  alternately  from  each  side.  If  the  first,  instead  of  march- 
ing fw.,  then  marches  in  a  circle  to  the  opposite  side  and  closes 
with  the  last,  an  eight  is  formed.)  A  flank  rank  can  further 
march  in  a  "zigzag,"  a  "triangle,"  a  "chain,"  etc.  (A  chain  is 
formed  by  the  first  countermarching  and  breaking  through  the  rank 
alternately  r.  &  1.  The  others  follow  him,  one  crossing  alternately 
from  each  side.) 


WHEELING. 

The  wheeling  of  a  rank  corresponds  in  all  its  features  to  the 
facing  of  a  single  person,  the  rank  here  being  taken  as  a  unit. 

According  to  that  portion  of  a  circle  described  while  wheeling, 
we  distinguish  a  ^,  ^,  ^,  or  whole  wheel.  Also  #,  #i,  f6,  $3 
and  continuous  wheels  to  the  r.  o.  1.,  fw.  or  bw. 

The  number  of  steps  required  to  execute  a  quarter  wheel  is 
equal  to  the  number  of  scholars  in  rank.  Other  wheelings  in  pro- 
portion. 

In  wheeling,  all,  with  the  exception  of  the  pivot  (the  person 
around  whom  the  wheel  takes  place)  march  in  a  circle  from  place, 
the  scholar  at  the  wheeling  flank  taking  full  steps,  the  rest  smaller 
steps  the  nearer  they  are  to  the  pivot,  who  marches  in  place, 
turning  with  the  rest. 

In  order  to  keep  dressed,  all  scholars  look  toward  the  wheeling 
flank  while  marching,  and  keep  the  rank  closed  (have  feeling) 
toward  the  pivot.  Connecting  the  scholars  in  rank  greatly  helps 
the  alignment  while  wheeling. 


14 

All  wheelings  in  front  are  started  with  the  left  foot. 

A  front  rank  can  wheel  around  the  r.,1.,  the  centre,  or  anyone 
in  rank. 

A  flank  rank  can  wheel  around  the  first,  last,  the  centre,  or  any 
one  in  rank. 

A  FRONT  RANK  can  execute  : 

1.  A  wheel  r.  o.  1. ; 

2.  "       "      r.  o.  1.  around  the  centre; 

3.  "       "      r.  "        "    1.  pivot ; 
,4     "        '*      1                  "         ''     r      " 

5.  "       "      r.  o.  1.       "       any  named  file. 

Command:  "A  QUARTER  WHEEL   L.— MARCH!" 

A  front  rank  can  wheel  in  any  part  of^a  circle,  as  described 
.above.  In  wheeling  around  the  centre  or  any  named  file,  one 
part  of  the  rank  marches  fw.,  the  other  bw.  The  number  of  steps 
required  in  such  wheeling  is  equal  to  the  largest  number  of 
scholars  marching  in  one  direction  including  the  pivot. 

Example :  A  front  rank  of  5  executes  a  half  wheel  1.  around 
the  4th  file.  In  this  wheeling,  the  fourth  marches  in  place,  the  fifth 
bw.,  and  the  right  three  fw.  The  largest  number  moving  in  .one 
direction  including  the  pivot  being  four,  the  number  of  steps 
required  would  be  4  steps  for  every  quarter  wheel,  in  this  case 
8  steps,  to  perform  the  movement. 

The  wheelings  r.  o.  1.  around  the  opposite  pivot  are  bw. 

The  commands  to  these  can  be  given  thus :  "A  HALF 
WHEEL  R.  —  BW.  — MARCH!" 

A  FLANK  RANK  can  execute : 

1.  A  wheel  r.  o.  1.  around  the  first; 

2.  "       "         "  "         "   last; 

3.  "       "         "  "         "   centre; 

4.  "       "  "       any  named  file. 

Command :  "THREE  QUARTER  WHEEL  L.  AROUND 
THE  FIRST— MARCH!" 

It  can  wheel  in  any  part  of  a  circle,  as  described  above. 

Side-steps  are  taken  when  wheeling  in  flank,  the  wheel  being 
started  by  the  r.  o.  1.  foot  as  the  case  may  demand. 

NOTE. — We  speak  of  a  right  wheel  when  the  motion  of  the  rank  is  in  that 
direction,  and  of  a  left  wheel  when  it  is  toward  the  left.  Scholars  will  find  the 
direction  of  wheeling  easily  if  they  are  brought  to  understand  that  a  wheeling 
is  but  a  facing  of  a  rank,  and  that  a  quarter  wheel  left  of  a  rank  corresponds  to 
a  left  face  of  a  rank  member.  Knowing  this,  all  they  need  remember  is,  in 
which  direction  they  must  turn  to  face  to  the  1.,  to  immediately  know  in 
which  direction  a  wheel  left  is  to  go. 


15 

Wheelings  can  be  performed  in  running  as  well  as  in  marching. 

Wheelings  in  different  directions  and  of  different  parts  of  a 
circle  can  be  connected,  as :  A  quarter  wheel  1.  &  r.,  or,  a  quarter 
wheel  r.  and  a  half  wheel  1.,  etc. 

Wheelings  in  front  and  flank  can  be  connected  by  executing  a 
quarter  turn  r.  o.  1.  after  the  first  wheel. 

FORMING  (BY  RANK  MEMBERS). 

The  members  of  a  front  or  flank  rank  can  change  their  relative 
positions  in  various  ways,  thereby  changing  the  form  of  their  rank, 
or  re-forming  the  same  at  a  different  or  in  the  same  place. 

Standing  in  front  or  flank,  they  can  form  at  the  side,  in  rear,  or 
front  of  any  named  file  by  obliquing,  following,  right  angles, 
circling,  or  evading.  They  can  also  form  at  both  sides  if  in  flank, 
or  in  front  and  rear  if  in  front,  of  any  named  file. 

In  the  following,  we  give  examples  of  the  various  ways  of 
forming. 

1.  In  "obliquing,"  the  rank  members  march  obliquely  (by  the 
shortest  way)  into  the  position  commanded. 

Example :  In  a  flank  rank  of  4,  the  scholars  form  to  the  r.  of 
the  first.  At  the  command:  "FORM  TO  THE  R.  —  OB- 
LIQU  ELY—  MARCH  !",  the  first  remaining  in  place, 
the  rest  (2,  3  and  4),  by  marching  obliquely  to  the  r., 
place  themselves  at  his  (the  first's)  right  side,  thereby 
changing  the  formation  of  the  rank  from  flank  to 
front.  (Fig.  1.) 

The  number  of  steps  required  for  this  change  is 
equal  to  the  number  of  rank  members. 

2.  In  "following"  the   second  turns  in  the  direction  com- 
manded, steps  around  the  first  and  ranks  himself  into  place.    The 
rest  follow  the  second,  turn  where  he  did,  pass  by  him  and  march 
into  their  respective  places. 

Example :  In  a  front  rank  of  4,  the  rank  members  form  in  rear 
of  the  right.    At  the  command  :  "FORM  TO  THE  REAR  OF 
RIGHT  — FOLLOWING  — MARCH!",   the  right  leader  re- 
maining in  place,  the  second  and  with  him  the  rest 
111  J.     face  to  the  r.     The  second  then  steps  obi.  behind  the 
first  and  with  a  turn  1.  is  in  place.   The  rest  march  to 
where  the  second  stood,  here  one  after  another  they 
turn  to  the  r.,  march  by  the  second  to  their  places, 
when  by  a  turn  1.  they  form  in  rear  of  the  former 
right  leader.     (Fig.  2.) 

The  number  of  steps  necessary  is  equal  to  twice  the  number 
of  rank  members.  "^  \  B  R  A  to^*» 

OF  THB 

UNIVERSITY 


16 

3-  In  forming  by  a  "right  angle"  all  who  move  step  off  to- 
gether, take  as  many  steps  fw.  (or  in  the  direction  commanded) 
as  they  are  number  in  rank,  and,  with  a  turn  and  the  same  number 
of  steps  fw.  again,  form  into  place. 

Example :    In  a  front  rank  of  4,  the  rank  mem- 

•*•« —      — I       bers  form  in  front  of  1.  leader.     At  the  command : 

"FORM  IN  FRONT  OF  L.  —  RIGHT  ANGLES 

•*•<—}  —  MARCH  !",  all  (except  the  1.  leader)  take  as  many 

-L    J-  -1-    -1-     steps  fw.  as  they  are  number  in  rank.     Having  done 

Fig.  3        so,  they  turn  to  the  left,  and,  with  the  same  number  of 

steps  fw.  and  a  turn  r.,  form  in  place.     (Fig.  3.) 
The  number  of  steps  necessary  is  twice  the  number  of  rank 
members. 

4.  In  "circling"   all  describe  a  half,  three-quarter,  or  whole 
circle  around  the  first  (last,  r.  o.  1.),  and  rank  themselves  in  the 
position  commanded.     In  circling  to  the  right,  the  r.,  and  to  the 
left,  the  1.  flank  (side)  is  always  turned  inward  while  marching. 
This  is  accomplished  by  a  turning  at  the  beginning  or  close  of  the 
circling. 

Example :  In  a  flank  rank  of  4,  the  rank  members  form  to 
the  1.  of  the  first  by  circling  1.  At  the  command  :  "FORM  TO 
THE  L.  —  CIRCLING  L.  —  MARCH !", 
all  step  off  toward  the  r.,  each  describing  a  circle 
1.  around  the  first.  Upon  coming  near  the  po- 
sition commanded,  by  a  left  turn  each  forms 
into  position.  (Fig.  4.) 

The  number  of  steps  necessary  is  twice  the 
number  of  rank  members  for  a  half  circle,  three 
times  that  number  for  a  three-quarter,  and  four 
times  the  number  for  a  complete  circle.      (In 
forming  by  circling,  less  then  a  half  circle  should  not  be  used.) 

5.  In  '-'•evading"  the  first  (last,  r.  o.  1.), instead  of  keeping  his 
place,  moves  with  the  rest  and  makes  way  for  them  by  evading  as 
commanded. 

Example:     In   a  flank  rank  of  4,  the  rank  members  form 
to  the  r.   of  the  first,   he    evading   sw.   1.      At   the   command : 
"FORM  TO  THE  R.  — EVADING  SW.  L. — 
^_j.  j.  ±  JL      MARCH  !",   the    first   takes  side-steps  to  the  L, 
JL      which  all  others  do  when  by  marching  fw.  they 
1      find  themselves  in  line  with  him.     (Fig.  5.) 
1  A  forming  of  this  kind  takes  twice  as  many 

Fig.  5         steps  as  there  are  rank  members,  a  side-step  need- 
ing 2  counts. 

As  a  rule,  all  formings  are  excuted  to  the  front,  unless  other- 
wise commanded.  For  this  reason,  it  is  not  necessary  to  com- 


17 

mand :  "Form  to  the  r.  of  the  first,"  but  simply :  "Form  to  the  r.," 
it  being  understood  that  the  first  is  meant  when  no  other  person 
is  mentioned  in  the  command. 

Formings  to  the  rear  (or  next  to  any  given  file)  are  commanded 
and  executed  as  follows :    To  form  from  a  flank  rank  of  4  to  a 
front  rank  by  obliquing,  the   command    would   be : 
"FORM    TO   THE   R.   OF  THE   LAST  — OB- 
LIQUELY— MARCH!"      Upon    the   command, 
the  foremost  3  by  a  ^  turn  r.  face  and  march  fw.  in 
the  direction  commanded,  and  form  as  required  by  a 
^  turn  1.     (Fig.  6.) 
A  forming  of  this   kind  takes  as  many  steps   as   there   are 
scholars  in  rank. 

Formings  at  both  sides  (or  to  the  front  and  rear)  of  any  file  are 
executed  as  follows :  To  form  from  a  flank  rank  of  6  to  a  front 
rank  by  right  angles,  the  command  and  execution  would  be  as  fol- 
lows:   "FORM  TO  THE  R.  &  L.  —  RIGHT  ANGLES  — 
MARCH  !"     Upon  the  command,  the  second,  fourth  and  sixth 
would  face  to  the  r.,  take  2,  respectively  3  and 4  steps 
fw.,  and,  with  a  1.  face,  march  fw.  interlace.     The 
third  and  fifth  would  face  to  the  L,  take  2,  respect- 
ively 3  steps  fw.,  face  to  the  r.  and  march  fw.  into 
place.      (Fig.  7.)      The  number  of  steps  neces- 
Fig.  7          sary  in   such  movements  is  equal  to  the  greatest 
number  moving  in  one  direction  including  the  one 
next  to  whom  the  ranking  takes  place. 

Formings  to  the  r.  are  started  with  the  r.,  to  the  1.  with  the  1. 
foot. 


In  the  following,  the  different  manners  of  forming  are  given. 
All  the  changes  by  "obliquing"  are  shown  first,  then  come  the 
"following,"  "right  angles,"  "circling,"  and  "evading,"  each  being 
shown  first  from  a  front  rank,  then  from  a  flank  rank,  and  lastly  the 
forming  from  a  combination  of  both  is  shown.  All  formings  can 
be  executed  to  the  1.  as  well  as  to  the  shown  r.  side,  and  partly  also 
to  the  r.  &  1.  or  front  and  rear.  These  possible  movements  will  be 
easily  recognized  after  reading  the  examples  given. 


18 
FORMING    BY   RANK    MEMBERS. 

I.     BY    "OBLIQUING." 

a)  From  a  front  rank. 

1.  Form  in  front  of  r. 

2.  "      "  rear    "    " 

3.  "      "  front  &  rear  of  r. 

4.  "     to  the  r.  by  passing  in  front. 

-  U          H        ll       It     (I  it  ll     rpqr 

b]  From  a  flank  rank. 

1.  Form  to  the  r. 

2.  "      "    "  .  "  of  last. 

3.  "     in  front  (by  passing)  by  the  r. 

4.  "      "  rear     "         "         "     "    " 

c)  From  a  front  and  flank  rank. 
i.  Form  in  front  of  r.  &  to  the  r. 

2  "         '•<•    rpnr      "      "    "     a       ll      <•' 

3.  "      "  front  "    "  "   "    "    "  of  last. 

4.  "      "  rear   "    "  "  "    "    "  "    " 

5.  "      "  front  «'    ««  "  in  front  by  the  r. 

^  U  -.  ii  ti         it       «        U       J-gj^J-          "  <'  « 

7.       "      "  rear    "    "  "   "  front  "     "    " 

Q  it  ll         ll  ll      ll     ll      ll     rppr       ''         <*        '' 

d)  From  a  flank  and  front  rank. 
i.   Form  to  the  r.  &  in  front  of  r. 

2  ll          «       «       ll     ll     ii    rpor       <(      " 

3.  "      "    "    "  "  "  front  &  rear  of  r. 

4.  "      "    "    "  of  last  &  in  front  of  r. 

~  ii        ii      ii      ii    ii       ii      ii    ii    YQB,T      "     u 

6.  "      "    "    "  "     "    "   "  front  &  rear  of  r. 

7.  "      "    "    "  &  to  the  r.  by  the  front. 

8        «      ii    ii    t(  ((  ii    ii    ii   ii    ii    rear 

9.       "      "    "    "  of  last  &  to  the  r.  by  the  front, 
jo.       "      "    "    "  "     "    "    "    "    u  <(     "    rear. 


2.    BY  "FOLLOWING." 

a)  From  a  front  rank. 
i.   Form  to  the  r.  by  the  front. 

2  "         «       «       «    «        <>      ivir 

3.  "  in  front  of  r. 

4.  "  "  rear    "  " 

5.  "  "  front  "  "  passing  by  the  rear. 

6.  "  "  rear    "   "       "        "     "    front. 

7.  "  "  front  &  rear  of  r. 

b)  From  a  flank  rank. 

1.  Form  to  the  r. 

2.  "  "    "    "  of  last. 

3.  "  "    "    "  passing  by  the  1. 

4.  "  "    u    "  of  last,  passing  by  the  1. 

5.  "  in  front  by  the  r. 

6.  "  "  rear     "     "    " 

For  c)  from  a  front  &  flank  rank,  and 

d)     "     "  flank  "  front     " 
combine  the  movements  of  a  &  b  as  in  "obliquing." 

3.    BY  "RIGHT  ANGLES." 

a]    From    a   front  rank. 

1.  Form  in  front  of  r. 

2.  "  "  rear    "  " 

3.  "  to  the  r.  by  the  front. 

4.  "  "    "    "   "     "    rear. 

5.  "  in  front  &  rear  of  r. 

b)    From  a  flank  rank, 

1.  Form  to  the  r. 

2.  «      «    "    "  of  last. 

3.  "      in  front  by  the  r. 

4.  "      "  rear    "     "    " 

For  c)  from  a  front  &  flank  rank,  and 

d)     "     "  flank  "  front     " 
combine  the  movements  of  a  &  b  as  in  "obliquing." 


20 

4-     BY    "CIRCLING." 

a]  From  a  front  rank. 
i.   Form  to  the  r.,  circling  r. 

2  «         "       «      <<  «  1 

3.  "      in  front  of  r.,  circling  1. 

4.  "      "  rear    "    "        "        r. 

5.  "      "  front  &  rear  of  r.,  circling  I.  &  r. 

b)  From  a  flank  rank. 

1.  Form  in  front,  circling  1. 

2.  "      "  rear,        "        r. 

3.  "     to  the  r.,      "        " 

4.  "      "    "    "  of  last,  circling  1. 

For  c)  from  a  front  &  flank  rank,  and 

d)     "     "  flank  "  front     " 
combine  the  movements  of  a  &  b  as  in  "obliquing." 

5.     BY    "EVADING." 

a)   From  a  front  rank. 

1.  Form  in  rear  of  r.,  evading  fw. 

2.  "      "  front  "    "         "        bw. 

3.  "     to  the  r.  by  the  rear,  evading  sw.  1. 

4.  «      "    "    "  "     "    front,      "         "    " 

b}   From  a  flank  rank. 

1.  Form  to  the  r.,  evading  sw.  1. 

2.  "      "    "    "  of  last,  evading  sw.  1. 

3.  "     in  front  by  the  r.,  evading  bw. 

4.  "      "  rear    "     "     "        "       fw. 

For  c)  from  a  front  &  flank  rank,  -and 

d)     "     "  flank  "  front     " 
combine  the  movements  of  a  &  b  as  in  "obliquing." 

The  evading  in  forming  from  a  flank  rank  can  be  done  fw.  as 
well  as  sw.  in  the  direction  commanded. 

Example:  "FORM  TO  THE  R.  — EVADING  FW. 
TO  THE  L.  —  MARCH  !"  At  the  command  "March  !",  the 
first  turns  to  the  1.,  marches  fw.  as  many  steps  as  there  are  rank 
members,  and  then  turns  to  the  front.  The  others  follow,  taking 
steps  in  proportion. 

In  all  formings,  excepting  the  circling,  if  there  be  a  facing 
necessary  in  executing  a  command,  and  the  first  turn  or  facing  is 
to  the  r.,  the  last  should  be  to  the  1. 


21 

The  foregoing  formings  can  be  varied  in  many  ways.  If  con- 
ducted from  standing : 

1.  All  march  in  place  until  the  last  one  is  in  position,  and  close 
with  a  stamp-step ; 

2.  By  all  taking  a  certain  number  of  steps  "in  place"  before 
(or  after)  the  forming ; 

3.  By  all  taking  as  many  steps  fw.,  bw.  or  sw.  before  and  after 
each  forming  as  there  are  members  in  rank. 

If  formings  are  to  be  executed  while  marching  "from  place," 
the  scholar  next  to  whom  the  forming  is  to  take  place,  marches  in 
place  until  all  are  in  order,  and  then  all  step  off  together.  The 
number  of  steps  to  be  marched  in  place  depends  upon  the  kind 
of  forming  executed,  and  can  easily  be  found  by  the  foregoing  ex- 
planations. 

Formings  can  be  combined  with  facings  before  and  after,  and 
also  with  wheelings,  to  a  good  advantage. 

And,  lastly,  formings  of  the  different  kinds  can  be  combined, 
as :  Taking  one  position  by  obliquing  and  the  second  by  following, 
or  the  first  by  following  and  the  second  by  circling. 

Formings  are  executed  according  to  two  methods. 

First  Method..  At  the  command  "March!",  all,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  one  next  to  whom  the  forming  is  to  take  place,  step 
off  in  the  required  direction  and  form  as  commanded.  This  method 
is  always  used  unless  the  second  be  specially  commanded. 

Second  Method.  According  to  this  method,  the  scholar  oppo- 
site to  the  one  next  to  whose  place  the  rank  is  to  be  formed,  first 
steps  off  in  the  direction  named,  all  the  others  following  him  as 
their  turn  arrives. 

Formings  according  to  this  method  always  require  three  or 
four  times  as  many  steps  as  there  are  rank  members,  as  2  steps 
must  intervene  between  the  moving  of  each  rank  member. 

A  front  rank,  to  perform  a  movement  according  to  this  method, 
would  be  commanded  :  "FORM  TO  THE  R.  —  PASSING 
IN  REAR— THE  L.  (LEADER)  BEGINNING-MARCH!", 
or  by  substituting  "second  method"  in  place  of  "the  1.  beginning." 

At  the  command  "March !",  the  1.  leader  turns  to  the  r.,  passes 
in  rear  of  the  rank,  and  marches  into  place  at  the  side  of  the  r. 
After  2  steps,  the  next  follows  the  left,  moving  as  he  did,  and  so 
on  until  all  the  rank  members  have  formed  to  the  r. 

Forming  by  evading  cannot  strictly  be  placed  under  either 
of  the  above  heads,  it  having  part  of  both  methods. 

Having  now  finished  the  single  individual  and  the  rank,  we 
come  to  the  "Body  of  ranks." 


II.    THE  BODY  (OF  BANKS). 


A  body  is  a  collection  of  2  or  more  ranks  in  an  order  common 
to  all. 

A  body  can  be  formed  as  a  "fine"  or  a  "column."  The 
smallest  rank  being  two,  the  smallest  body  will  be  composed  of 
4  scholars. 

THE  LINE. 

In  front.  Two  or  more  front  ranks  standing  side  by  side,  form 
a  line  in  front. 

In  flank.  Two  or  more  flank  ranks  standing  one  behind  the 
other,  form  a  line  in  flank. 

The  scholars  standing  in  rank,  a  line  can  be  formed  in  several 
ways  : 

1.  By  counting  off  by  a  given  number  (counting  off  by  twoes, 
the  line  will  be  composed  of  ranks  of  two); 

2.  By  2  (or  more)  successively  stepping  f\v.  or  bw.  (if  in  front); 

3.  By  2    "       "  "  "         sw.  (if  in  flank). 

THE  COLUMN. 

In  front.  Two  or  more  front  ranks  standing  one  behind  the 
other,  form  a  column  in  front. 

///  flank.  Two  or  more  flank  ranks  standing  side  by  side, 
form  a  column  in  flank. 

The  scholars  standing  in  rank,  a  column  can  be  formed  in 
several  ways : 

1.  By  successive  quarter  wheels  by  twoes  (or  more). 

2.  By  successively  forming  twoes  (or  more)  in  front  or  rear  of 
r.  o.  1.  (if  in  front). 


23 

3-  By  successively  forming  twoes  (or  more)  to  the  r.  o.  1.  (if  in 
flank. 

4.  While  marching  fw.  in  flank,  by  twoes  (or  more)  successively 
facing  to  the  r.  o.  1.  at  a  given  place. 

Two  or  more  ranks  formed  in  "oblique"  or  as  a  "circle"  also 
come  under  the  head  of  bodies. 

NOTE. — It  is  in  the  column  that  we,  for  the  first  time,  come  to  a  clearer 
understanding  of  the  terms  "rank"  and  "file."  A  front  column  has  front  ranks 
and  flank  files.  Thus,  in  a  front  column  of  5  ranks,  4  in  a  rank,  we  have  5  ranks 
and  4  files,  that  is  :  All  the  scholars  standing  in  front  (abreast)  are  in  ranks,  and 
all  those  standing  one  behind  the  other  are  in  files.  So  we  here  have  a  1st, 
2d,  3d,  4th  and  5th  rank,  and  a  1st,  2d,  3d  and  4th  file.  All  the  ones  (first  of 
each  rank)  are  in  the  first  file,  the  twoes  in  the  second,  etc. — A  flank  column 
has  flank  ranks  and  front  files,  and,  if  composed  of  4  ranks  of  6  scholars  each, 
it  has  4  flank  ranks  and  6  front  files. 

DISTANCE. 

The  distance  between  the  ranks  formed  in  "column"  must 
always  be  equal  to  as  many  steps  as  there  are  scholars  in  a  rank. 
A  column  with  less  than  this  distance  is  in  "close  order,"  and,  with 
more,  in  "open  order." 

The  manner  of  "opening"  or  "closing"  a  body  of  ranks  is 
similar  in  character  to  the  "opening"  or  "closing"  of  a  rank;  here 
the  rank  takes  the  place  of  the  rank  member.  For  manner  and 
ways  of  execution,  see  page  10. 

The  command  for  a  movement  of  this  kihd  is :  "RANKS 
OPEN  LINE  (or  COLUMN)  FW.  — FOUR  STEPS  DIS- 
TANCE—MARCH!" 

The  ranks  and  files  of  a  column  can  be  opened  or  closed. 
This  is  done  either  by  the  shortest  way  (by  obliquing)  or  as 
specified  in  the  command.  The  ranks  of  a  column  can  also  be 
opened  and  the  files  closed,  or  the  reverse. 

OPENING  AND  CLOSING  THE  RANKS  AND  FILES 
OF  A  FRONT  COLUMN. 

The  ranks  of  a  front  column  can  be  opened  fw.,  bw.  or  sw.  to 
the  r.  o.  1.  from  any  given  file,  and  closed  in  the  same  manner. 

The  files  of  a  front  column  in  "close  order" 'can  be  opened 
fw.,  bw.,  or  from  any  given  file,  and  closed  in  the  same  manner. 

The  ranks  and  files  of  a  front  column  can  be  opened  and 
closed  in  various  manners,  the  form  of  the  command  showing  if 
the  ranks  or  the  files  are  to  be  opened  first,  or  if  both  are  to  be 


24 

opened  simultaneously  by  obliquing.     The  following  will  serve  as 
illustrations : 

1.  "OPEN    RANKS    TO    THE    L.  —  TWO    STEPS  — & 
FILES    BW.  — ONE    STEP— FW.    MARCH!"     This  com- 
mand shows  that  the  ranks  are  first  to  be  opened  to  the  1.  2  steps, 
and,  after  this  is  completed,  the  files  are  to  be  opened  bw.  i  step, 
all  to  be  done  by  marching  fw. 

The  ranks  and  files  are  closed  in  a  like  manner. 

2.  "OPEN    FILES    FW.  — FOUR   STEPS  — &    RANKS 
TO    THE     R.    TWO    STEPS,    GOING    SW.  — MARCH!" 
Here  the  files  first  open  fw.  4  steps,  after  which  the  ranks  open  to 
the  r.  2  steps  by  going  sw. 

3.  The  ranks  can  be  opened  and  files  closed,  or  the  reverse. 
Command:    "OPEN  RANKS    SW.  FROM    THE    CENTRE 
—  TWO     STEPS  — &    CLOSE    FILES    BW.  —  MARCH !" 
Here  the  ranks  are  first  opened  sw.  from  the  centre,  and  then  the 
files  closed  by  going  bw. 

4.  If  in  close  order :    "OPEN   RANKS   &   FILES   FROM 
THE    FIRST   RANK,    FIRST   FILE  — THREE   STEPS  — 
FW.  MARCH !"     Here  all  face  toward  the  direction  they  are  to 
go,  and  by  the  shortest  route  march  into  place. 

A  flank  column  can  be  opened  and  closed  similarly  to  a  front 
column,  the  ranks  opening  fw.,  bw.  or  sw.,  the  files  (if  in  close 
order)  to  the  r.,  1.  or  from  any  named  file.  In  a  flank  column  in 
close  order,  the  ranks  and  files  can  also  be  opened  from  any  named 
rank  and  file. 

Opening  and  closing  the  column,  line,  rank,  or  file,  can  also  be 
executed  in  running. 

In  a  body  in  open  order  (line  or  column),  the  ranks  or  files 
(as  the  case  may  be)  can  countermarch,  and  the  scholars  of  each 
rank  execute  all  the  manners  of  forming  shown  under  the  head 
of  "Forming  by  rank  members." 

MARCHING  OF  A  BODY. 

A  body  "in  line"  or  "column"  can  march  fw.,  bw.,  sw.  or 
obliquely.  While  marching  from  place,  it  can  change  its  line  of 
march  by  ^,  %,  ^  or  ^  turns  r.  o.  1. 

This  is  executed  as  in  rank  (see  page  12);  here  the  rank  takes 
place  of  the  rank  member  of  the  former.  Commands : 
"COLUMN  (LINE)  OBL.  FW.";  "COLUMN  TO  THE 
R.";  COLUMN  OBL.  BW.";  "COLUMN  COUNTER. 
MARCH  R.  or  L.  — MARCH!" 


25 

/>  x  A  body  consisting  of  2  flank  ranks  can  march  in- 

-j-         j-  ward  or  outward,  as  the  case  may  be.      It  can  march 

i  inward  or  outward  at  right  angles,  obliquely  fw.  or  bw., 

1  and  countermarch.    Command  :  "RANKS  OBLIQUE- 

Fig.s  LY    FW.  — INWARD— -MARCH!"     (Fig.  8.) 

WHEELING  OF  A  BODY. 

Wheelings  of  a  body  only  take  place  in  a  front  or  flank  line, 
or  in  a  front  column  in  close  order. 

A  front  or  flank  line  wheels,  exactly  as  does  a  front  or  flank 
rank,  upon  the  command:  "LINE  QUARTER  WHEEL  L.— 
MARCH !"  For  manner  of  execution,  see  page  13. 

In  the  wheeling  of  a  front  column  in  close  order,  the  first  rank 
wheels  as  explained  in  the  wheels  of  a  front  rank.  The  other 
ranks  wheel  with  the  first,  but,  while  moving,  they  take  steps 
obliquely  fw.  in  the  direction  opposite  to  the  one  commanded, 
thereby  keeping  exactly  in  rear  of  the  first  rank.  Command : 
"COLUMN  QUARTER  WHEEL  R.  —  MARCH!" 

TRANSFORMATION  OF  A  BODY. 

A  body  can  change  its  form  in  various  manners. 

A  line  or  column  can  change  from  front  to  flank  (also  oblique), 
or  the  reverse,  by  facing. 

A  line  can  change  to  a  column  by  a  wheel  of  its  ranks,  also 
by  a  forming  of  the  rank  members  of  each  rank. 

A  column  can  change  to  a  line  by  the  same  process. 

A  line  or  column  can  change  its  form  by  its  ranks  forming 
into  another  position  in  front,  rear,  or  at  the  side  of  any  named 
rank.  This  is  done  as  in  rank ;  in  this  case,  the  rank  takes  the 
position  and  executes  the  movements  of  the  rank  member. 

FORMING  BY  RANKS. 

In  forming  by  ranks  from  line  to  column  or  the  reverse,  to  find 
the  number  of  steps  required,  the  rank  next  to  which  the  forming 
is  to  take  place  not  being  counted  (it  not  moving),  the  number 
of  ranks  moving  is  multiplied  by  the  number  in  a  rank,  the 
product  being  the  number  of  steps  required. 

Example :  A  front  column  of  4  ranks,  5  in  a  rank,  changes 
to  a  front  line  by  forming  to  the  r.,  obliquely.  The  first  rank  not 
moving,  3  ranks  of  5  members  each  move  into  position,  requiring 
3X5  =  15  steps  to  perform  the  movement. 

All  modes  but  the  obliquing  will  require  double  this  number  of 
steps  to  execute  the  same  change  of  position. 


26 

The  number  of  steps  for  movements  to  other  positions  varies 
in  proportion  to  the  distance  to  be  moved. 

Formings  by  rank  can  be  executed  to  the  r.,  1.,  in  front  or  rear. 

Here,  as  also  in  the  forming  by  rank  members,  all  formings  to 
the  r.  begin  with  the  right  foot,  with  the  exception  of  formings  by 
wheeling. 

Unless  specially  commanded,  all  formings  are  executed 
according  to  the  first  method.  (See  page  21.) 

Formings  according  to  the  second  method  can  seldom  be  used. 

The  number  of  steps  intervening  will  depend  upon  the  number 
in  rank,  and  the  kind  of  movement  to  be  executed. 

A  body  can  change  from  a  line  to  a  line,  line  to  column, 
column  to  column,  and  column  to  line.  These  changes  can  be 
executed  by:  i.  Obliquing;  2.  Following;  3.  Right  angles; 
4.  Continuous  right  angles;  5.  Right  angle  and  following; 
6.  Following  in  flank;  7.  Continuous  right  angles,  following 
in  flank;  8.  Quarter  wheel;  9.  Quarter  wheel  and  following; 
10.  Following  and  a  quarter  wheel;  n.  Continuous  quarter 
wheels;  12.  Evading. 

In  the  following,  we  will  give  an  illustration  of  each  of  the 
above  manners,  by  which  it  will  not  be  difficult  to  understand  the 
rest  of  the  possible  movements  of  each  mode. 

1.  BY  "OBLIQUING." 

The  ranks  move  obliquely  in  the  direction  commanded,  and 
form  as  stated  in  the  command. 

Example:  Forming  from  a  front  col- 
umn to  a  front  line.  At  the  command : 
"RANKS  FORM  TO  THE  R.  —  OBL. 
—  MARCH !",  the  second  and  third  ranks 
move  obliquely  fw.  to  the  r.  until  in  line 
with  the  first.  (Fig.  9.) 

Fig.  9  The  simple  number  of  steps  is  required 

for  a  forming  from  column  to  line  or  the 
reverse,  that  is,  in  this  case,  2X4  —  8  steps. 

2.  BY  "FOLLOWING." 

The  ranks  move  fw.  toward  the  first  (or  any  other  named) ; 
when  within  one  step  of  it,  the  second  rank  faces  to  the  r.  o.  1. 
(as  the  case  may  require)  and  moves  fw.  into  the  commanded 
position.  The  other  ranks  follow  the  second,  turn  where  it  did, 
pass  by  it,  and  march  into  place. 

Example:  Forming  from  a  flank  column  to  a  flank  line. 
At  the  command:  "RANKS  FORM  IN  REAR  OF  R.— 


27 

£       *       i       FOLLOWING  — MARCH!",    all,  except  the  r. 

i ^i -J-1     rank,  face  to  the  r.,  march  fw.  until  one  step  from 

± f     fi       the  r. ;   the  second  rank  then  faces  r.,  marches  fw. 
J-       as  many  steps  as  it  has  rank  members,  and,  with  a 
*j.2     turn  1.  about,  it  forms  into  place.     The  other  ranks 
;  ^       march  the  same  as  the  second,  turn  where  it  did, 
ig.  10     LL^     march  by  it,  and,  with  the  same  turn   1.   about, 
i'      form  as  commanded.      (Fig.   10.) 

Forming  from  line  to  line,  the  ranks  move 
toward  the  first  (or  any  other  named),  pass  by  it  as  commanded, 
and  form  in  line. 

Example :    Forming  from  a  front  line  to  a  front  line.     At  the 
command:   "RANKS    FORM  TO   THE    L.  —  PASSING  IN 
FRONT— MARCH!",  all,  except  the 
1.  rank,  face  1.,  pass  by  the  front  of  the 
1.    rank,   and,    upon    arriving    at     their 
Fjg.  U  places,  by  a  quarter  turn  r.,    form    into 

position.     (Fig.  11.) 

The  double  number  of  steps  is  required  for  formings  of  the 
above  kinds,  that  is,  2X4X2  =  16  steps. 

A  body  can  also  change  from  column  to  column  by  following. 
Example:     Forming  from  front    column  to  front 
•>iiii       column.     Upon    the  command:     "RANKS    FORM 
IN      FRONT— FOLLOWING     BY     THE    R.— 
21  -"-j^l      MARCH!",  the  second  rank  passes  the  first  by  ob- 
iiiii       ncluing  to   the  r.     With  an  oblique  to  the  1.,  it  forms 
into  place.     The  other  ranks  march  fw.  to  where  the 
second  stood,  march    obliquely  as   it  did,  pass  by  it, 
and  march  obliquely  into  places.     (Fig.   12.) 

The   double  number    of  steps    is   required    for    a 
Fig.  12       forming  of  this  kind. 

3.      BY    A    "RIGHT    ANGLE." 

Forming  by  a  right  angle,  all  march  as  commanded,  and,  by 
a  quarter  turn  r.  and  another  1.  (or  the  reverse),  describe  a  right 
angle,  and  form  into  place. 

Example :  Forming  from  a  front  column  to  a  front  line.  At 
the  command:  "RANKS  FORM  TO  THE  R.  — BY  A 
RIGHT  ANGLE  —  MARCH  !",  all,  except  the  first  rank,  face 
r.  and  march  fw.  The  second  rank  takes  as  many  steps  as  it  has 
rank  members,  then  faces  1.  and,  with  the  same 
1 11 1 1 1 A 1 1  Ai  number  of  steps  fw., forms  into  place.  The  other 
ranks  move  as  the  second,  the  third  taking  twice 
as  many  steps  fw.  as  it  has  rank  members,  (the 
fourth  three  times  that  number  fw.,  etc.,)  be- 
fore turning  to  the  1.  and  marching  fw.  into  po- 
Fig.  13  sition  to  the  r.  of  the  first  rank.  (Fig.  13.) 


211J.1  . 


31JL-L1 


28 


i. 


Fig.  14 


Example :  Forming  from  a  flank  line  to  a  flank 
line.  At  the  command:  "RANKS  FORM  IN 
FRONT  — BY  THE  L.  — RIGHT  ANGLE  — 
MARCH  !",  all,  except  the  first  rank,  face  1.  The 
second  rank  marches  fw.  as  many  steps  as  it  has 
rank  members,  faces  r.,  marches  fw.  twice  that 
number  of  steps,  and  then,  with  a  r.  face,  it 
marches  into  place  in  front  of  the  first  rank  by  fac- 
ing 1.  The  other  ranks  march  the  same  as  the  sec- 
ond, the  third  needing  twice  as  many  steps  (the 
fourth  three  times  as  many  steps)  as  the  second 
did.  (Fig.  14.) 

The  forming  from  column  to  column  is  per- 
formed similarly  to  the  forming  from  line  to  line. 


211J.J- 1 


3J..LX1 


Fig. 15 


BY    CONTINUOUS    RIGHT    ANGLES. 

Formings  of  this  kind  are  executed  upon 
the  same  principle  as  the  foregoing.  All  ranks 
that  move,  describe  continuous  right  angles  by 
facing  r.  (o.  1.),  taking  as  many  steps  fw.  as 
they  have  rank  members,  then  facing  1.  (o.  r.), 
again  taking  that  number  of  steps,  and  so  on 
until  they  find  themselves  in  the  position 
commanded.  (Fig.  15.) 

If  the  forming  takes  place  from  rear  to  front,  or  from  side  to 
side,  upon  coming  in  line  with  the  stationary  rank,  the  order  of 
facing  changes,  so  that,  in  moving  from  a  front  column  to  a  front 
column  by  the  r.,  the  first  facings  will  be  r.  &  1.,  but,  upon  coming 
in  line  with  the  first  rank,  and  after  as  many  steps  fw.  as  there 
are  scholars  in  rank,  they  change  to  1.  &  r. 

Command:  "RANKS  FORM  TO  THE  R.  —  CON- 
TINUOUS RIGHT  ANGLES  — MARCH!" 


5.      BY    A    RIGHT   ANGLE    AND    FOLLOWING. 

This  mode  can  only  be  used  in  forming  from  column  to 
column,  and  from  line  to  line. 

Example :  Forming  from  a  front  column  to  a  front  column. 
At  the  command  :  "RANKS  FORM  IN  FRONT  — BY  THE 
RIGHT— RIGHT  ANGLE  &  FOLLOWING  —  MARCH  I", 
all,  except  the  first  rank,  face  r.  and  take  as  many  steps  fw.  as  there 
are  members  in  rank.  Then  all  face  1.,  follow  the  second  rank, 
which  takes  twice  as  many  steps  fw.  as  it  has  rank  members,  then 
faces  1.  and  marches  fw.  into  place.  The  others  move  the  same  as 
the  second  rank,  the  third  needing  of  steps  six  times  its  number 


29 


21JLJLi 


1  JLJ.JU. 


2JLL-L-L 


:il±J.JL 


in  rank  to  execute  the  full  movement,  (the  fourth 
eight  times  its  number,  etc.)     (Fig.  16.) 

6.      BY    FOLLOWING    IN    FLANK. 


Fig.  16 


This  forming  is,  in  many  respects,  similar  to  the 
plain  following,  the  difference  being  that  here,  as  in- 
dicated in  the  title,  the  following  takes  place  in  flank 
ranks.  It  will  suffice  to  give  one  example. 

Example:    Forming  from  a  front  column  to  a 
front  line.    At  the  command :    "RANKS   FORM 
TO    THE   R.  — FOLLOWING    IN    FLANK  —  MARCH  !", 
the  first  rank  remaining  in  place,  all,  except  the  r.  leader  of  each 
rank,  face  to  the  r.     The  leaders  march  fw. 
(the  others  following  in  flank)  until,  reaching 
the  first  rank,  they  then  face  to  the  r.,  march 
fw.,  and  each  rank,  with  a  1.  face,  then  for'ms 
into  its  place.     (Fig.  17.) 


Fig.  17 


J.JL-LJ. 


Fig.  18 


7-      BY    CONTINUOUS     RIGHT    ANGLES,    FOLLOW- 
ING   IN    FLANK. 

A  forming  of  this  kind  is  performed  on  the  same  principle  as 
a  continuous  right  angle ;  here  the  forming  takes  place  by  following 
in  flank  as  explained  in  6. 

Command:  "RANKS  FORM  TO  THE 
R.  —  CONTINUOUS  RIGHT  ANGLES, 
FOLLOWING  IN  FLANK—  MARCH  !" 

;.  18.) 

the  forming  is  to  be  executed  to  the 
front,  or  from  side  to  side,  a  change  in  the  order 
of  turning,  as  described  in  4,  takes  place. 

8.       BY   A    QUARTER   WHEEL. 

Here  all  ranks,  except  the  first,  execute  a  quarter  wheel  toward 
the  side  commanded,  and,  with  another  quarter  wheel,  or  a  cer- 
tain number  of  steps  before  and  after  the  sec- 
ond wheel,  form  into  place. 

Example :    Forming  from  a  front  column 
to  a  front  line.    At  the  command  :  "RANKS 
FORM  TO  THE  R.— QUARTER  WHEEL 
—  MARCH !",  the  second   rank   executes  a 
quarter  wheel  r.  &  1.,  and  so  forms  into  place. 
The  third  rank  wheels  to  the  r.,  takes  as  many 
steps  fw.  as  it  has  rank  members,  then  wheels 
to  the  1.  and  marches  fw.  into  position.     (The  fourth  rank  wheels 
the  same  as  the  second  and  third,  taking  twice  as  many  steps  fw. 
as  it  has  members  in  rank,  before  wheeling,  etc.)     (Fig.  19.) 


Fig.  1.9 


30 

Formings  of  this  kind  can  also  be  done  from  front  column  to 
front  column,  and  are  executed  as  above,  with  the  following  change : 
Upon  coming  in  line  with  the  first  rank,  the  direction  of  the 
wheeling  changes  (as  explained  in  the  facing  of  4)  so  as  to  bring 
the  ranks  in  front  of  the  first. 

Formings  by  wheeling  are  usually  executed  in  front,  they  being 
too  difficult  in  flank  ranks. 

9.      BY    A    QUARTER    WHEEL   AND    FOLLOWING. 

Sim.  A  forming  of  this  kind  can  only  be  used  in  form- 

ing from  front  column  to  front  column. 

Example :    At  the  command:  "RANKS  FORM 
IN  FRONT,  BY  THE  R.— QUARTER  WHEEL 
IJLJLIJL  &    FOLLOWING  — MARCH!",   all,  except    the 

first  rank,  execute  a  quarter  wheel  r.  &  1.     The  sec- 
2±±i±  onci  rank  then  wheels  1.  &  r.,  the  othes  pass  by  the 

f-*~s       first,  second,  etc.,  and,  with  a  wheel  1.  &  r.,  form  in 

place.     (Fig.  20.) 

Fig.  20  The  number  of  steps  necessary  corresponds  to  the 

number  needed  for  a  right  angle  and  following  (5). 

A  forming  from  front  line  to  front  line  can  be  executed  by 

taking  the  first  wheel  backward,  then  passing  by  the  rear,  and, 

with    a    wheel    fw.,    forming    into 
32123         place.     (Fig.  21.) 
J-Li11-Li-LJ"LJ-L-L\-L-LJ-Lt1  Command  :  "FORM  TO  THE 

L.  —  QUARTER   WHEEL    BW. 
Fjg-  21  &    FOLLOWING  —  MARCH  !" 

10.      BY    FOLLOWING   AND    A    QUARTER    WHEEL. 

As  indicated  by  the  title,  the  ranks  first  follow,  and  then,  by 
wheeling  and  marching  fw.,  form  into  place. 

Example :    Forming  from  a  front  column 
i         2         3         to  a  front  line.    At  the  command  :   "RANKS 
FORM   TO   THE    R.  — FOLLOWING  cSr 
A  QUARTER  WHEEL  —  MAR.CH  !",  the 
second  rank  wheels  r.  &  1.  and   is  in  place. 
The  others  march  fw.,  wheel  r.  where  the  sec- 
....      0~          ond  did,  pass  by  it,  and,  with  a  quarter  wheel 

1.,  form  in  line.    (Fig.  22.) 

The  number  of  steps  required  is  the  same  as  in  following  (2). 

Example :    From  a  front  column  to  a  front  column.     At  the 

command:    "RANKS    FORM    IN    FRONT,  BY  THE  R.- 

FOLLOWING    &    QUARTER    WHEEL—  MARCH !",  the 

second  rank  executes  a  quarter  wheel  r.,  half  wheel  1.,  and  quar- 


3-L-LJJL 

\_«. 

2  1111 
1  1111 
2_1111 

I 

31111 

Fig.  23 


ter  wheel  r.,  and  is  in  position.  The  third  rank 
marches  fw.,  wheels  a  quarter  r.  &  1.  where  the  second 
did,  passes  by  it,  and,  with  a  wheel  1.  &  r.,  forms  in 
column.  (Fig.  23.) 

The  number  of  steps  required  is  as  in  right  angle 
and  following  (5). 

II.       BY    CONTINUOUS    QUARTER   WHEELS. 

The  ranks  execute  continuous   quarter   wheels  r. 
&  1.  (or  the  reverse)  toward  the  position  commanded 
until  they  arrive  in  place. 

Example :  Forming  from  a  front  column  to  a  front  line.  At 
the  command :  "RANKS  FORM  TO  THE 
R.— CONTINUOUS  QUARTER  WHEELS 
—  MARCH !",  with  the  exception  of  the 
first,  all  ranks  continually  execute  quarter 
wheels  r.  &  1.  until  they  arrive  in  place. 
(Fig.  24.) 

The    number  of   steps   required   is    as   in 
continuous  right  angles  (4). 
Forming     from    a     front    column    to    a    front 
column.     At  the  command :    "RANKS    FORM    IN    FRONT, 
BY  THE    R.  — CONTINUOUS    QUARTER  .WHEELS — 
MARCH !",    except    the    first,  each   rank    con- 
tinually executes  quarter  wheels  r.  &  1.  until  in 
line  with  the  first,  and  from  there  quarter  wheels 
1.  &  r.  until  in  position.     (Fig.  25.) 

Here  twice  as  many  steps  are  needed  as  in 
the  foregoing  movement. 


J.11J- 


Fig.  24 

Example : 


21111 


1J.JJ.J. 


21111 


31111 


12.       BY    EVADING. 


Fig.  25 


Formings  of  this  kind  can  be  done  by  evading 
fw.,  bw.  &  sw.  so  as  to  give  way  to  the  ranks 
forming. 

Example :  Forming  from  a  flank  column  to  a  flank  line.     At 

the   command:    "RANKS    FORM    IN    FRONT    OF    R. — 

EVADING    BW.— MARCH!",  all,  except   the, 

J5       |       |       r.  rank  (which  evades  bw.),  take  side-steps  to  the 

-j- >  J-__^  j-3     r.  until  in  line  with  the  r.  rank,  when  they  change 

i       the  direction  of  step  and  evade  bw.  until  all  are 
i       in  line.     (Fig.  26.) 

The   second   rank   will   need  twice   as  many 
i       steps  as  it  has  number  in  rank  to  get  in  line  with 
the  first,  the  third  will  need  four  times  that  num- 
ber.    The  reason  for  this  greater  number  of  steps 
will  be  understood  when  we  remember  that  a  side- 


J.1 
1 

Fig.  26    i 


32 

step  really  consists  of  2  steps  or  movements,  first  the  sideward, 
and  then  the  closing  step. 

The  forming,  in  this  case,  can  also  be  done  by  marching 
fw.,  all,  except  the  first  rank,  facing  to  the  r.,  marching  fw.  until 
in  line  with  the  evading  rank,  then  turning  1.  and  taking  the 
steps  bw. 

In  forming  by  ranks,  it  is  also  the  rule  that  the  last  turn  is  to 
the  left  if  the  first  is  right,  or  the  reverse. 

Formings  by  rank  can  be  done  from  a  stand,  or  while  march- 
ing or  running. 

Forming  during  a  march,  the  rank  next  to  which  the  forming 
is  to  take  place,  marches  in  place  until  all  ranks  are  in  the  order 
commanded,  when  all  step  off  anew. 

This  marching  in  place  will  be  of  as  many  steps  as  the  different 

manners  of  forming  may  require.    (See  the  foregoing  explanations.) 

The  evading  in  march  can  also  be  done  obliquely.    The  ranks 

obliquing  take  small  steps  until  all  are  in  position,  when  steps  of 

the  regular  length  are  retaken. 

Example  :  Forming  from  a  front  column 
to  a  front  line.  At  the  command :  "RANKS 
FORM  TO  THE  L.  —  EVADING  OB- 
LIQUELY—MARCH!", the  first  rank 
takes  small  steps  obliquely  to  the  r.,  the 
others  doing  the  same  when,  by  marching 
fw.,  they  find  themselves  in  line  with  the 
first.  (Fig.  27.) 

In  formings  of  this  kind,  it  is  best  to  give 
3 1  ±  i  -L  the  command  :    "FW.  MARCH  !"  when  all 

pigi  27  are  m  position,  as  the  exact  number  of  steps 

cannot  be  given. 

Formings  by  rank  can  lead  to  a  column  in  close  order  by  being 
so  commanded,  otherwise  they  always  lead  to  a  column  in  order. 
The  formings  by  rank  can  be  preceded  by  facings,  formings  by 
rank  members  (formings  in  the  ranks),  wheelings,  or  the  three 
combined.  Such  movements  can  also  succeed  these  formings, 
and,  lastly,  precede  and  succeed  them. 

FORMINGS    BY   RANKS. 

The  following  are  the  different  modes  of  forming  by  ranks. 
They  are  arranged  so  as  to  show  the  different  manners  of  forming 
from  column  to  line,  column  to  column,  and  line  to  line. 

The  formings  from  line  to  column  are  omitted,  because  they 
can  be  done  in  the  same  manner  as  those  from  column  to  line. 


33 

Several  of  the  following  formings  can  be  executed  to  the  last 
rank,  as  well  as  the  first.  To  be  done  so,  this  must  be  specially 
mentioned  in  the  command,  as:  "RANKS  FORM  TO  THE 
R.  OF  LAST  — OBL.— MARCH!" 

From  a  front  column  to  a  front  line,  ranks  form  at  the  side,  by: 
i.  Obliquing;  2.  Following;  3.  A  right  angle;  4.  Continuous 
right  angles;  5.  Following  in  flank ;  6.  Continuous  right  angles, 
following  in  flank;  7.  A  quarter  wheel;  8.  Following  and  a 
quarter  wheel ;  9.  Continuous  quarter  wheels;  10.  Evading. 

These  formings  can  be  done  to  the  r.,  1.,  and  some  r.  &  1. 

From  a  front  column  to  a  front  column,  ranks  form  in  front,  by: 
i.  Obliquing;  2.  Following;  3.  A  right  angle;  4.  A  right  angle 
and  following;  5.  Continuous  right  angles ;  6.  A  quarter  wheel; 
7.  A  quarter  wheel  and  following;  8.  Following  and  a  quarter 
wheel ;  9.  Continuous  quarter  wheels. 

These  formings  can  be  done  by  the  r.,  1.,  and  some  r.  &  1. 

From  a  front  line  to  a  front  line,  ranks  can  form  at  the  side, 
by:  i.  Obliquing;  2.  Following  in  flank;  3.  Aright  angle;  4. 
Continuous  right  angles ;  5.  Continuous  right  angles,  following  in 
flank;  6.  A  right  angle  and  following ;  7.  Evading;  8.  Quarter 
wheel  and  following  (passing  by  the  rear,  the  first  wheel  being  bw.). 

These  formings  can  be  done  to  the  r.  o.  1.,  by  passing  by  the 
front,  and  some  also  by  the  rear. 

From  a  flank  column  to  a  flank  line,  ranks  form  in  front,  by : 
i.  Obliquing;  2.  Following;  3.  Following  in  flank ;  4.  Aright 
angle;  5.  Continuous  right  angles;  6.  Continuous  right  angles, 
following  in  flank  ;  7.  Evading. 

These  formings  can  be  done  to  the  r.,  1.,  to  the  front,  rear,  and 
some  front  and  rear. 

From  a  flank  column  to  a  flank  column,  ranks  form  at  the  side, 
by  :  i.  Obliquing  ;  2.  Following;  3.  A  right  angle;  4.  Continuous 
right  angles  ;  5.  A  right  angle  and  following. 

These  formings  can  be  done  to  the  r.  o.  1.,  by  the  front,  rear, 
and  some  front  and  rear. 

From  a  flank  line  to  a  flank  line,  ranks  form  in  front,  by : 
i.  Obliquing;  2.  Following;  3.  A  right  angle ;  4.  A  right  angle 
and  following;  5.  A  right  angle, following  in  flank;  6.  Continuous 
righfangles;  7.  Continuous  right  angles,  following  in  flank. 

These  formings  can  be  done  by  the  r.,  1.,  and  some  r.  &  1. 


III.    THE  COLONNADE. 


The  Colonnade  is  a  series  of  lines  or  columns  in  front  or  flank. 

The  smallest  colonnade  is  composed  of  2  bodies. 

The  smallest  body  having  2  ranks  of  2  scholars  each  =  4,  the 
smallest  colonnade  will  have  2X4  =  8  members. 

All  that  has  been  said  of  the  body  can  be  said  of  the  colon- 
nade. All  the  movements  that  can  be  performed  by  the  single 
person,  as  well  as  by  the  rank,  or  members  in  rank,  can  take  place 
in  this  order  also. 

New  movements  are  the  wheeling  and  forming  by  bodies. 
They  are  governed  by  the  same  rules  and  conducted  in  the  same 
manner  as  the  movements  of  the  ranks  in  column  or  line,  here  the 
body  taking  the  place  of  the  rank. 

Movements  in  the  colonnade  order  are  used  mostly  in  the 
Reigen,  and  exhibition  tactics  or  marches. 

The  Reigen  should  be  the  highest  development  of  the  fore- 
going movements.  It  is  built  up  and  set  together  according  to 
the  dictates  of  rhythm  and  beauty. 


APPENDIX. 


MARCHES. 

Any  number  of  scholars  or  persons  can  take  part  in  one  of 
these  marches.  Connecting  the  scholars  in  rank,  as  soon  as  ranks 
of  2  or  more  are  formed,  adds  to  the  beauty,  and  helps  keeping  the 
alignment.  The  teacher  will  see  that  the  leaders  in  the  march 
take  small  steps,  especially  whenever  the  rank  or  column  is  divided. 

1. 

The  scholars  are   formed    in   a    flank 
rank,   march  through  the  middle  of  the 
T  hall,  and,  upon  reaching  the  upper  end, 

T,  march    alternately    r.    &    1.    (Fig.    28), 

move  along  the  sides   of  the   hall,  and, 
Fig.  28  upon   arriving   at  the  lower  end,  march 

inward.     Upon  meeting,  they  form  ranks 

of   2,  and    march  through  the  middle,  now  going  through  the 
former  movements  by  2's,  forming  ranks  of  4,  eventually  8,  16,  etc. 
The  re-forming  to  a  flank  rank  is  done  by  reversing 
T  the  order  of  the  movements. 

This  march  can  be  executed  by  countermarching 
T  I        r.    &   1.    (Fig.    29)    instead   of    marching   at   right 
angles,  or  by  alternating   right  angles  with  counter- 
Fig.  29     marches. 

2. 

The  scholars  are  formed  in  a  flank  rank,  and  march  through 
the  middle  of  the  hall.  Arriving  at  the  upper  end,  they  march 
alternately  r.  &  1.,  and  move  along  the  sides  of  the  hall  until  coming 
to  the  lower  end.  Here  the  first  of  each  rank  executes  a  3/%  turn 


Fig.  3O 


inward,  and  marches  fw.  (obliquely  bw.  to  his 
first  line   of   march)  diagonally  through  the 
hall,  the  rest  following.     In  the  centre,  the 
two  ranks  meet,  and  cross  through  one  an- 
other.    This  is  done  by  the  second  crossing 
behind  the  first,  the  third  behind  the  second, 
etc.    (Fig.  30  and  31.)    The  leaders,  upon 
reaching  the  upper  end  of  the  hall,  execute  a 
y%  turn  outward,  march  along  the  sides,  and, 
upon  coming  to  the  lower  end,  repeat  the  march,  with  crossing 
through  the  centre.     Upon  reaching  the  upper  end,  they  again 
execute  a  ^  turn  outward,  march  along  the 
sides,  then  at  right  angles  inward  (Fig.  31), 
form  ranks  of  2,  which  march  through  the 
centre,  and,  at  the  upper  end,  inarch  alter- 
nately r.  &  1.     The  columns  (of  ranks  of  2) 
now  go  through  the  foregoing  movements, 
forming  4,  eventually  8,  etc. 

The  flank  rank  can  be  re-formed  in  the 
reverse  order. 


Fig.  31 


3. 


Fig.  32 


The  scholars  are  formed  in  a  flank  rank,  and  march  through 
the  middle  of  the  hall.  Upon  reaching  the  centre,  they  march 

alternately  r.  &  1.,  and  describe  2 
circles  outward.  (Fig.  32.)  Upon 
meeting  in  the  centre,  ranks  of  2  are 
formed,  which  march  alternately  r.  & 
1.  as  explained  before,  and  so  on  until 
ranks  of  8  or  16,  as  may  be  wished, 
are  formed. 

The  flank  rank  can  be  re-formed 
in  the  reverse  order. 

4. 

The  scholars  march  in  a  flank  rank  through  the  middle  of  the 
hall,  march  alternately  r.  &  1.,  forming  2  circles.  (Fig.  32.) 
After  marching  around  in  the  circle  once  (or  more  times),  and 

when  meeting,  the  first  cross  over  to 
the  opposite  circle,  the  others  follow- 
ing, crossing  and  passing  alternately 
until  all  have  crossed  to  the  opposite 
side.  (Fig.  33.)  After  again  march- 
ing around  in  the  circle  once  (or 
oftener),  each  rank  crosses  over  to  its 
Fig.  33  original  position.  When  they  meet 


37 


again  in  the  centre,  ranks  of  2  are  formed,  which  march  alter- 
nately r.  &  1.,  and  then  the  columns  go  through  the  foregoing 
movements.  Eventually,  ranks  of  4,  8,  etc.,  are  formed,  as  may 
be  required. 

The  flank  rank  can  be  re-formed  in  the  reverse  order. 

5. 

The  scholars,  formed  in  a  flank  rank,  march  through  the  middle 
of  the  hall,  and,  upon  reaching  the  centre,  march  alternately  r.  &  1. 
in  2  circles  outward.  (Fig.  32.)  Upon  meeting  in  the  centre, 
the  first  of  each  rank  gradually  draws  the  circles  smaller,  marching 

in  a  snail,  until  he  reaches  the 
centre,  when,  with  a  counter- 
march,   the    rank    gradually 
'' /"~~N  \  \  /  /'/"~-\N  \      winds  itself  out  again.    (Fig. 


re-formed,  each  executes  a 
countermarch  inward  (to  bring 
about  the  original  direction  of 
march,  although  this  can  also 
Fig-.  34-  be  done  by  repeating  the  snail 

movement).      When  meeting 

again,  ranks  of  2  are  formed,  which  march  alternately  r.  &  1.,  and 
then  the  column  goes  through  the  same  movements  as  explained 
above.     Eventually,  ranks  of  4,  8,  etc.,  will  be  formed. 
The  flank  rank  can  be  re-formed  in  the  reverse  order, 


REIGEN. 

In  the  following  Reigen  (excepting  the  first)  the  number  of 
scholars  that  can  take  part  in  each  is  stated.  If  more  scholars 
are  used,  the  number  of  steps  given  for  many  movements  will  be 
too  small,  while  the  reverse  will  be  the  case  when  less  are  used. 
But,  with  a  little  thought,  every  teacher  can  re-arrange  them  (by 
adding  or  dropping  some  movement,  or  by  taking  a  greater  or  less 
number  of  steps  to  execute  a  stated  movement),  so  that  they  may 
be  used  for  any  number  of  scholars. 

The  whole  Reigen,  or  the  different  parts  of  each,  may  be  re- 
peated. If,  in  a  part,  some  of  the  scholars  have  no  movements  to 
perform,  they  can,  during  that  time,  take  a  given  position,  or 
march  in  place,  march  in  place  turning  about  themselves,  execute 
arm  movements,  skippings,  etc. 

Each  Reigen  starts  from  a  given  figure,  and  closes  with  the 
same.  It  is  left  to  the  teacher  to  chose  his  own  manner  of  bring- 
ing the  scholars  into  this  required  position,  and,  also,  of  marching 
away  therefrom  at  the  close. 


Every  part  of  the  following  Reigen  consists  of  8  movements 
or  less,  taking  32  beats  of  music  to  be  executed.  Each  Reigen 
can,  therefore,  be  accompanied  by  music  written  in  %  time. 

NOTE. — If  the  teacher  finds  that  the  different  movements  follow  one 
another  too  rapidly  to  be  executed  by  smaller  children,  4  steps  of  marching 
"in  place"  can  easily  be  introduced  before  each  new  movement.  Hereby  the 
scholars  will  have  more  time  to  think,  and  also  will  find  the  keeping  of  their 
alignment  easier.  If  the  Reigen  is  marched  to  music,  the  teacher  will  see 
that  32  extra  steps  are  introduced  in  each  part. 

1. 

Any  even  number  of  scholars  can  execute  the 
*•  -*     following.     They  stand  in  an  open  circle,  facing 

inward,  and  have  been  divided  into  ranks  of  2. 
v       (Fig.  35.) 

1.  4  steps  fw.,  grasping  neighbors'  hands. 

2.  4  steps  in  place,  raising  arms  upward. 

3.  4  steps  bw.,  arms  down,  with  grasped  hands. 

4.  4  steps  in  place,  with  arms  crossed  bw. 

5.  The  even  numbers  (of  each  rank)  4  steps  fw.,  the  odd  4  steps  bw. 

6.  The  even  4  steps  bw.,  the  odd  4  steps  fw. 

7.  The  odd  4  steps  fw.  with  grasping  hands,  the  even  4  steps  bw. 

8.  The  odd  4  steps  bw.,  arms  down,  the  even  4  steps  fw. 

II. 

r  i.  The  even  circle  r.  around  the 

"  i  ~  ^         odd.     (Fig.  30) 8  steps. 

2.  The  odd  circle  1.  around  the 

even 8     " 

r>\  ?.  Both  circle  r.  around  a  com- 


mon  centre,  grasping  r.  hands.    8     " 

4.  The  3d  movement  1 8     " 

Fig.  36 

III. 

1.  The  even  circle  r.  around  the  odd,  then  take  4  steps 

fw.  &  bw.  with  grasped  hands 16  steps. 

2.  The  odd  repeat  this  movement  to  the  1.  .    16     " 

IV. 

1.  The  even  4  steps  fw.  &  bw.  with  grasped  hands;  the 

odd  4  steps  bw.  &  fw 8  steps. 

2.  With  r.  hands  grasped,  both  circle  around  a  common 
centre 

3.  As  i,  but  the  odd  going  fw.,  the  even  bw.,  etc 8 

4.  The  2d  movement  1 8 


8     « 


39 


2. 

1 6  scholars  stand  in  ranks  of  4,  which  are  formed  in  a  square, 
open  at  the  corners,  facing  inward.     (Fig.   37.) 

I. 

.3.  i.  The  first  and  third  rank  4  (small)  steps 

n-T       "T  n  fw.  &  bw 8  steps. 

4-£  n2      2-  The  second  and  fourth  repeat  the  same  8     " 

|-_Lj_jL_L~l        3.  The  even  numbers  (of  each  rank)  4 

i    "  steps  fw.  &  bw 8     " 

4.  The  odd  numbers  4  steps  fw.  &  bw.  .  8     " 

II. 

i.  The  ranks  ft  wheel  r.  (to  a  cross  [Fig. 

*>          v  38]  in  4  steps),  and  then  each  rank  4 

*>>  vv  steps  fw 8  steps. 

A^    v         2.  The  ranks  4  steps  bw.  and  Awheel  1.  bw.    8     " 

**  *     3  and  4-   The  above  movements  to  the  1., 

Fig.  38  etc 16     " 

III. 

1.  The  ranks  ft  wheel  r.  (to  a  cross) 4  steps. 

2.  The  ranks  V2  wheel  r.  (8  steps)  and,  with  4  steps  in 
place,  all  face  1.  about 12     " 

3.  The  ranks  l/z  wheel  1.  and  4  steps  in  place,  with  1. 
about  12     " 

4.  The  ranks  ft  wheel  1.  bw 4     " 

IV. 

1 .  The  ranks  ft  wheel  r.  (to  a  cross)   4  steps. 

2.  The  ranks  %  wheel  r 16     " 

3.  The  ranks  4  steps  fw.  &  bw 8     " 

4.  The  ranks  ft  wheel  1.  bw.  into  first  position 4     " 

/•  *  Q 

<*».*<>  •»• 

xf    >        ^    V 

6><'V>^VV3  32  scholars  stand  in  form  of  a  cross  in  such 

7/^^Vy,^>2  manner  that   2  ranks,  of  4   scholars  each,  face 

^vv      v  >  each  other.      The  ranks   are  numbered    from    i 

v  *         ^  to  8.    (Fig.  39.) 

Fig.  39 


40 


I. 

1.  The  odd  ranks  ^  wheel  1.  bw 4  steps. 

2.  The  odd  ranks  4  steps  fw.  &  bw 8     " 

3.  The  odd  ranks  ^  wheel  r.  into  place   4     " 

4.  5,  and  6.    The  even  ranks  perform  these  movements 

to  the  opposite  side 16     " 

II. 

1.  With  1.  about,  the  ranks  ]^  wheel  outward  (to  a  large 

square  open  at  the  corners) 4  steps. 

2.  All  4  steps  fw.  &  bw 8     " 

3.  The  ranks  ^  wheel  inward  (toward  the  corners).  ...  4     " 

4.  With  1.  about,  the  ranks  ^  wheel  toward  the  middle 

(to  a  large  square)    .  .' 4     " 

5.  All  4  steps  bw.  cS^  fw 8     " 

6.  The  ranks  %  wheel  inward  (to  the  original  position).    4     " 

III. 

1.  The  ist,  2d,  5th  and  6th  ranks  4  steps  bw 4  steps. 

2.  The  3d,  4th,  yth  and  Sth  ranks  4  steps  bw.  &  fw.    .  .     8     " 

3.  The  ist,  2d,  5th  and  6th  ranks  4  steps  fw 4     " 

4.  5,  and  6.     The  3d,  4th,  yth  and  Sth  ranks  take  the 
first  and  third  movements,  and  the  other  ranks  the 
second  16     " 

IV. 

i.  The  odd  ranks  %  wheel  1.  bw.  4  steps,  march  in  place 

8  steps,  and  then  %  wheel  r 16  steps. 

The  even  ranks,  after  4  steps  in  place,  execute  a  ^ 
wheel  r.  of  the  cross  and  back,  and  then  take  4  steps 
in  place  (16  steps). 

2..  The  movements  of  the  ranks  are  reversed,  the  odd 

forming  the  cross,  the  even  the  square 16     " 

4. 

32  scholars  form  a  square,  facing  inward.  The  lines  (sides) 
are  divided  into  ranks  of  4,  and  these  again  into  twoes.  The  ends 
of  the  lines  do  not  touch. 


41 


2. 


I. 

The  odd  lines 
even  lines 


The 
in  . 


wheel  r.  in 
wheel  r. 


8  steps. 


Fig.  40 


3.  The  odd  ranks  of  4  (the 
outer)  3/s  wheel  1.  (Fig.  40) 
in  8  steps,  and  then  4  steps 
bw.  &  fw 

II. 

The  odd  lines  of  8  face  1.  about,  and  their  outer  ranks 
of  4  (those  forming  the  sides  of  the  square)  ^  wheel 
r.  in  12  steps.  The  outer  ranks  of  4  of  the  even 
lines,  after  8  steps  in  place,  ^  wheel  r.  bw.  in  4  steps 
(2  squares  are  formed,  one  behind  the  other).  (Fig. 

41.) 

All  face  1.  about,  and  the  outer  ranks  of  4,  ^  wheel 
outward  (2  squares  are  formed,  one  at  the  side  of  the 
other).  (Fig.  42.) 


1 6 


12  steps. 


1       J 


1-TTH 


/| 
TT 


Fig.  41 


Fig.  42 


Fig.  43 


3.  The  outer  ranks  of  4,  %  wheel  bw.  into  the  lines  of 
8,  and  then,  with  a  1.  about  of  the  even  lines,  the  lines 
Y%  wheel  1.  bw.  with  8  steps  into  the  large  square.  .  .  12  steps. 

III. 

1.  The  inner  ranks  of  2  of  each  line  (the  2d  and  3d), 
i^   wheel    outward   with   4   steps  (forming   4  small 
squares,  one  at  each  corner).     (Fig.  43.) 4  steps. 

2.  The  same  ranks  ^  wheel  bw.  toward  the  centre  in 

4  steps  (forming  a  square  in  the  centre).   (Fig.  43.)    4     " 

3.  The  sides  of  the  square  4  steps  fw.  &  bw 8     " 

4    and  5.    The  inner  ranks  of  2  re-form  the  4  squares 

and  the  large  square  in  the  reverse  order 8     " 

6.  The  lines  4  steps  bw.  &  fw 8     " 


42 

IV. 

>^  ^y//N\vv       l'  ^^e  ^nes  ^  wneel  r-  in 8  steps. 

/^^       T    vyvv  2-  The  inner  ranks  of  4,  i/  wheel 

>  \.  V'  r'  (Fig-  44-}  4    " 

v  *        ).^,  ^~*  3.  The  outer  ranks  of  2  of  each 

A'    ^N     ^  line  (the  ist  and  4th)  ^  wheel 

^  J         N^    )  inward   in  4  steps  (forming  4 

X$    ^  v<-  squares).     (Fig.  44.) 4     " 

4,  5,  and  6.    The  large  square  is 
Fi#.  44  re-formed  in  the  reverse  order .   16     " 

5. 

32  scholars  are  formed  in  a  cross,  and  the  lines  of  8  facing  1. 
are  divided  into  ranks  of  4,  which  are  again  subdivided  into  twoes. 

I. 

1.  The  cross  y^  wheel  1 16  steps. 

2.  With  a  1.  about,  the  cross 

y^  wheel  r 16     " 

II. 

1 .  The  cross  composed  of  the 
inner  ranks  of  4,  %  wheel 
r.,  then  1.  about,  and   % 

wheel  1 32  steps. 

2.  The  outer  ranks  of  4,   % 
wheel  1.,  &,  with  a  1.  about, 
Awheel  r.     (Fig.  45.)  32     " 

III. 

1.  The  lines  of  8,  ^  wheel  1.  around  the  centre  (to  a 

large  square)   4  steps. 

2.  The  lines  4  steps  bw.  &  bw 8     " 

3.  The  lines  j^  wheel  1.  around  the  centre   4     " 

4.  5,  and  6.    As  i,  2,  and  3,  but  marching  fw.  &  bw.  in  5.  16     " 


\ 
X 


•>-  y  The   lines   of    8,  %   wheel    1. 

around  the  centre  16  steps. 


v       . 

x,       2.  The  ranks  of  4  of  each  line 

wheel  inward.     (Fig.  46.)    4 


//V  ^l  /       3.  All  4  steps  bw.  &  fw  .........     8     " 

*S  ^      4.  The  ranks  of  4,  %  wheel  bw. 

Fig.  4-6  into  line  ...................     4     " 


43 


V. 

The  outer  ranks  of  4  1.  about, 
and  the  end  ranks  of  2  of  each 
line  of   8    (the  ist    and    4th) 
^  wheel  r.,  2  steps  fw.  and  4 
steps  in   place    (4  crosses  are 
formed).     (Fig.  47.)  ......     8  steps. 

The  crosses       wheel  r  .......     8     " 


e  crosses 
wheel  1  ....................     8     « 

F|s-  47  4.  All  4  steps  fw.  &  bw  .........     8     " 

VI. 

i  .  The  crosses  ^  wheel  1  ..........................  8  steps. 

2.  The  ranks  of  each  cross  %  wheel  r  ...............  8     " 

3.  The  crosses  ^  wheel  1  .........................  8     " 

4.  The  ranks  %  wheel  r.  &  1.  about  .................  8     " 

VII. 

i.  The  outer  ranks  of  2  of  each  line  (those  which 
marched  fw.  to  form  the  4  crosses)  fw.  or  bw.  to  form 
a  square  in  the  centre  (Fig.  48)  4  steps,  and  then 
the  remaining  ranks,  with  4  steps  fw.  or  obliquely  fw., 
again  form  4  crosses  at  the  corners  of  the  square. 
(Fig.  49.)  (The  ranks  marching  obi.  fw.  face  1. 
about.)  ...........................  .  ..........  8  steps. 


\ 
Fig.  48  Fig.  49 

2.  The  4  crosses  %  wheel  1 8 

3.  With  a  1.  about,  %  wheel  r 8 

4.  The  ranks  of  2  which  moved  fw.  or  obi.  fw.  to  form 
these  last  crosses,  re-form  in  their  former  position  with 
4  steps  (Fig.  48),  and  then  the  other  ranks  of  two 
move  into  their  former  places  (Fig:.  48)  with  4  steps, 
and  all  again  stand  in  4  crosses,  facing  r.    (Fig.  47.)    8 


44 


VIII. 

1.  The  ranks  of  2  of  each  cross  Awheel  1  ..........     8  steps. 

2.  The  crosses  *x£  wheel  r  .........................     8     " 

3.  The  end  ranks  of  2  of  each  line  of  8  (those  which 
marched  fw.  to  form  the  crosses)  circle  r.  around  the 
standing  ranks  with  12  steps,  and  re-form  into  their 
places  in  the  line  of  8.     (Fig.  50.)  .............   12     " 

4.  With  4  steps  in  place,  the  outer  ranks  of  4  of  each 

line  face  1.  about  and  halt   ......................     4     " 


Fig.  50 


INDEX. 


PAGB 

Preface 3 

Tactics 5 

Commands  . . . . .  5 

Facing 6 

Marching 6 

I.     THE   RANK 7 

Formation  of  ranks 7 

Alignment 8 

Counting  off 8 

Transformation  of  ranks 9 

Connections  of  ranks 10 

Distance  (opening  and  closing  ranks) 10 

Marching  in  rank 11 

Transformation  of  ranks  while  marching    12 

Change  of  direction  while  marching    12 

Wheeling 13 

Forming  (by  rank  members) 15 

II.     THE   BODY    (OF   RANKS) 22 

The  line  and  column 22 

Distance  (opening  and  closing  line  and  column) « 23 

Marching  of  a  body 24 

Wheeling  of  a  body 25 

Transformation  of  a  body 25 

Forming  (by  ranks) 25 

III.     THE   COLONNADE..                                                                       .  34 


46 
APPENDIX. 

PAGE 

1.  March  for  any  number  of  scholars 85 

2.  March  for  any  number  of  scholars 35 

3.  March  for  any  number  of  scholars 36 

4.  March  for  any  number  of  scholars 36 

5.  March  for  any  number  of  scholars .  37 

1.  Reigen  for  any  even  number  of  scholars 38 

2.  Reigen  for  16  scholars 39 

3.  Reigen  for  32  scholars 39 

4.  Reigen  for  32  scholars 40 

5.  Reigen  for  32  scholars. 42 


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